As Nigeria commemorates 25 years of uninterrupted democracy, it is crucial to reflect on the blessings, the woes, and the hope that have characterised the journey of the Fourth Republic, which commenced on May 29, 1999. This milestone marks a significant period in the nation’s history, a time to celebrate achievements, acknowledge challenges, and look forward to a promising future.
The Blessings
Political Stability and Peaceful Transitions
One of the most significant blessings of Nigeria’s 25-year democratic journey is the establishment of political stability and peaceful transitions of power. Since the Fourth Republic began, Nigeria has witnessed multiple successful elections and transfers of power between different political parties. The peaceful transition from the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) to the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2015 was particularly noteworthy, marking a maturing democratic process.
Economic Growth and Development
The Fourth Republic has seen substantial economic growth and development. Reforms in key sectors such as telecommunications, banking, and agriculture have spurred economic activity and innovation. The liberalisation of the telecommunications sector, for example, led to a significant increase in mobile phone usage and internet penetration. According to the Nigerian Communications Commission, as of 2023, Nigeria has over 200 million mobile phone subscribers and more than 100 million Internet users, transforming communication and business operations across the country.
Institutional Reforms
Institutional reforms have been another blessing of Nigeria’s democratic journey. The establishment of agencies such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) has strengthened efforts to combat corruption. According to the EFCC, between 2015 and 2020, the commission recovered over ₦980 billion ($2.5 billion) in stolen assets, demonstrating notable strides in promoting transparency and accountability in governance.
Social and Cultural Advancements
Democracy has also fostered social and cultural advancements. Increased freedom of expression and a vibrant civil society have empowered citizens to engage actively in the democratic process. The media, despite facing challenges, has played a crucial role in holding the government accountable and providing a platform for diverse voices and opinions.
Successive Governments and Their Milestones
Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007)
Milestones:
- Established the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in 2003.
- Introduced the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS).
- Achieved significant debt relief by exiting the Paris Club of creditors.
- Privatised various sectors to encourage private investment and economic growth.
Challenges:
- Persistent corruption and governance issues.
- Ethnic and religious tensions.
- Initial struggles to stabilise the economy.
Umaru Musa Yar’Adua (2007-2010)
Milestones:
- Launched the Seven-Point Agenda focusing on power, energy, food security, and education.
- Initiated electoral reforms to improve the credibility of elections.
- Implemented the Niger Delta Amnesty Programme, which significantly reduced militancy in the region.
Challenges:
- Health issues that led to his untimely death in 2010.
- Incomplete implementation of the Seven-Point Agenda.
- Continued corruption and security challenges.
Goodluck Jonathan (2010-2015)
Milestones:
- Launched the Transformation Agenda aimed at diversifying the economy and improving infrastructure.
- Introduced the Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Programme (SURE-P) to cushion the effects of fuel subsidy removal.
- Oversaw the rebasing of Nigeria’s GDP, making it the largest economy in Africa, with a GDP of over $500 billion in 2014, according to the World Bank.
Challenges:
- Widespread corruption within the administration.
- The rise of Boko Haram insurgency, leading to significant security concerns.
- Economic instability due to fluctuating oil prices.
Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2023)
Milestones:
- Implemented the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) to diversify the economy and reduce poverty.
- Intensified the fight against corruption with notable convictions and asset recoveries.
- Improved agricultural production through initiatives like the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme, which supported over 2.5 million farmers by 2020, according to the Central Bank of Nigeria.
Challenges:
- Persistent security issues, including Boko Haram insurgency, banditry, and kidnappings.
- Human rights concerns and allegations of suppression of dissent.
- Economic challenges, including high unemployment (33.3 per cent in 2021) and inflation rates, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
- Nigeria became the poverty headquarters of the world under him.
Bola Tinubu (2023-Present)
Milestones:
- Focuses on comprehensive economic reforms to tackle inflation and unemployment.
- Emphasises national unity and addressing ethnic and regional disparities.
- Promotes digital economy and technological advancements.
Challenges:
- Ongoing security concerns and the need for improved national cohesion.
- Economic instability and the need for effective policy implementation.
- Addressing public expectations and delivering on campaign promises.
The Woes
Corruption and Governance Issues
Despite efforts to combat corruption, it remains a significant woe in Nigeria’s democratic journey. Corruption has permeated various levels of government, undermining public trust and hindering development. High-profile cases of embezzlement and fraud continue to challenge the integrity of public institutions and impede socio-economic progress.
Security Challenges
Security remains one of the most pressing issues facing Nigeria. The rise of Boko Haram and other insurgent groups has led to significant loss of life and displacement of communities. According to the Global Terrorism Index, Nigeria ranks among the top five countries most affected by terrorism. In addition to terrorism, issues such as banditry, kidnappings, and ethnic clashes have exacerbated the security situation, posing a threat to national stability and development.
Economic Inequality and Poverty
Economic inequality and poverty are persistent woes. Despite economic growth, a significant portion of the population remains impoverished. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, over 40 per cent of Nigerians live below the poverty line. Unemployment and underemployment, particularly among the youth, are major concerns. The economic benefits of democracy have not been evenly distributed, leading to widespread disenchantment and social unrest.
Infrastructural Deficiencies
Infrastructural deficiencies continue to hinder Nigeria’s development. Issues such as inadequate power supply, poor road networks, and insufficient healthcare facilities have limited economic growth and reduced the quality of life for many Nigerians. According to Power Africa, Nigeria’s power generation capacity remains below 5,000 megawatts, insufficient for a population of over 200 million. Addressing these infrastructural gaps is critical for sustainable development.
The Hope
Strengthening Democratic Institutions
There is hope in the continued strengthening of democratic institutions. Efforts to improve the electoral process, such as the introduction of electronic voting and biometric registration, aim to ensure free, fair, and credible elections. Strengthening institutions that promote transparency and accountability will be vital in building a more robust democracy.
Economic Diversification and Innovation
Economic diversification and innovation offer hope for Nigeria’s future. Policies aimed at reducing dependency on oil and promoting sectors such as technology, agriculture, and manufacturing are essential. Initiatives like the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) provide a roadmap for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction. By 2023, agriculture contributed over 25 per cent to Nigeria’s GDP, indicating progress in diversification efforts (National Bureau of Statistics).
Youth Engagement and Empowerment
The youth represent a significant source of hope for Nigeria’s democracy. Increasing youth engagement in politics and governance, as well as providing opportunities for education and employment, will be crucial. Empowering the younger generation to take an active role in shaping the nation’s future is essential for long-term stability and growth. With 70 per cent of the population under the age of 30, youth empowerment is vital for the country’s future (National Population Commission).
Social Cohesion and Unity
Promoting social cohesion and national unity remains a key hope for Nigeria’s democratic journey. Addressing ethnic and regional disparities, fostering inclusive policies, and encouraging dialogue and reconciliation are necessary steps. A united Nigeria, where all citizens feel valued and included, is fundamental for sustained peace and development.
Conclusion
As Nigeria marks 25 years of democracy, it is evident that the journey has been a blend of blessings, woes, and hope. The Fourth Republic has laid the foundation for democratic governance, socio-economic development, and political stability. However, significant challenges such as corruption, security issues, and economic inequality need continuous attention. The future of Nigerian democracy hinges on the collective efforts of the government, civil society, and the citizenry to build a more inclusive, prosperous, and stable nation.
This milestone is not just a celebration of the past, but a call to action for a brighter future. With resilience, innovation, and a commitment to democratic principles, Nigeria can overcome its challenges and realise its potential as a beacon of democracy in Africa.
